The baseline interview did not include any specific cruciferous vegetables.37 Following completion of the interview, a 10 ml nonfasting blood sample and a single-void (i.e. metabolize these chemopreventive compounds. polymorphisms, urinary biomarkers, gastric cancer Introduction Although the incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer have declined over the past several decades, it remains the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and second most common cause of death from cancer worldwide.1, 2 Incidence rates vary considerably across different regions. The highest rates are recorded in Asian countries such Japan and China where the age-standardized (world standard) incidence rates per 100,000 are as high as 40C60 in men and 20C25 in women, compared to 7.2 in men and Afuresertib HCl 3.3 in women in the United States.1, 3 The prognosis of gastric cancer is poor due to lack of effective therapeutic choices. Approximately only one in four patients with gastric cancer in the U.S. would survive for five years after cancer diagnosis.4 Identification of viable chemopreventive agents for primary prevention against the development of gastric cancer Afuresertib HCl would Afuresertib HCl have great impact on both morbidity and mortality of this malignancy in humans. Gastric cancer is a multi-factorial disease Ocln in which both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to its carcinogenesis process. Infection with the bacterium highly correlates with the incidence of gastric cancer worldwide.5 Prospective cohort studies including ours, have established an unequivocal link between infection with and risk of gastric cancer.6C8 Experimental studies demonstrated that infection with resulted in the Afuresertib HCl development of gastric tumors in infected animals.9, 10 A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that eradication of the bacterium with antibiotics reduced progression of intestinal metaplasia and enhanced the regression of multifocal non-metaplastic atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, precancerous lesions, in the stomach of high-risk individuals.11 In 1994, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that is a group I carcinogenic agent in humans.12 Dietary factors are believed to play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Nitrosamines formed from the reaction of nitrites with other nitrogen-containing compounds present in preserved food are potential carcinogens for the stomach in humans.13, 14 Dietary antioxidants can inhibit the process of nitrosation and are believed to exert protective effects on gastric carcinogenesis. There is a large body of literature on dietary antioxidants in relation to risk of gastric cancer in humans.14 Individuals with low serum levels of vitamin C, carotenes, and lycopene at baseline experienced increased risk of developing gastric cancer.15 A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin C and beta-carotene for 72 months increased the rate of regression of precancerous lesions in the stomach in humans.11 These findings implicate that oxidative stress due to nitrosamines is one possible mechanism of gastric carcinogenesis and dietary antioxidants may protect against the development of gastric cancer. Besides antioxidants, data on the role of dietary bioactive compounds, such as isothiocyanates (ITC), in the development of gastric cancer are sparse. ITC, derived from glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, bok choi, cabbage, and watercress, has antioxidative properties and chemopreventive effects on the development of cancer of the lung and colon.16, 17 In addition, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have demonstrated that ITC possesses bactericidal properties against the bacterium.18C20 Sulforaphane (a form of ITC) is bactericidal to both extracellular and intracellular forms of and can inhibit tumor development in Afuresertib HCl the forestomach of infected mice.18 Sulforaphane can also eradicate in human gastric xenografts on nude mice.19 These data suggest that ITC is a potential chemopreventive agent against gastric cancer in humans. Glutathione and are known to be polymorphic in humans24, 25 with homozygous deletions of and (null genotype) resulting in the abolishment of respective enzyme activity.26 As GSTs are involved in the detoxification of activated carcinogens as well as ITC, it is plausible that observed inter-individual variation of cancer susceptibility may be partially due to the polymorphic nature of and and genotypes modify the protective effect of ITC or cruciferous vegetables on risk of developing lung and colon cancers.27C31.